Noah by Darren Aronofsky & Ari Handel

Book & Film Reviews, Reading Scripture / By

Have you seen the movie Noah starring Russell Crowe and Jennifer Connelly? Given my interest in Old Testament reception history, I could not pass it up. How would two Jewish men today interpret this flood story? The Genesis account itself is a product of unique Israelite interpretation of a common ancient Near Eastern narrative. The story appeared in ancient texts long before Genesis was written. But, the biblical authors offer their own theological perspective on the event.

Similarly, the flood has been the subject of midrash (Jewish interpretation of the biblical text) throughout history. Ancient Jewish writers sought to fill in narrative gaps in Genesis with commentaries like I Enoch and Jubilees. In fact, from these ancient Jewish texts, the movie draws content about the Watchers and Noah’s visit to Methuselah—narrative details not found in most biblical canons. Those Transformer-looking rock creatures in the film might seem like fantasy fiction invented by modern movie makers, but their role did not come out of nowhere. They are the fallen angels of lore—albeit their appearance a bit embellished.  

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Noah by Darren Aronofsky & Ari Handel Read More »

The Bible Made Impossible by Christian Smith

Book & Film Reviews, Reading Scripture / By

I recently read Christian Smith’s book The Bible Made Impossible: Why Biblicism Is Not a Truly Evangelical Reading of Scripture (2012) published by Brazos Press. It critiques a form of biblical interpretation that too often treats the Bible in a wooden and rule book fashion, thereby diminishing the richness of Scripture. Having grown up in fundamentalism, I understand the problem he is describing. At the same time, I often felt he did not capture important nuances by choosing to critique the most fundamentalist version of evangelical Scripture reading.

What is Biblicism?

Smith defines biblicism as “a theory about the Bible that emphasizes together its exclusive authority, infallibility, perspicuity, self-sufficiency, internal consistency, self-evident meaning, and universal applicability” (viii). He lists ten assumptions of biblicism:

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The Bible Made Impossible by Christian Smith Read More »

FREE 10-Week Book Discussion on the Origins and Interpretation of the Bible

Announcements / By

All you need for this FREE 10-week book discussion is yourself, the book, and a good cup of tea!

What: Intimate conversation with the author, Karen Keen, on her latest book The Word of a Humble God: The Origins, Inspiration, and Interpretation of Scripture. No lecture. Just one hour of engaging discussion. How did we get the Bible? How do we make sense of Scripture as inspired when it has violence and other difficult texts? Does the Bible still have value today? How should we best interpret it now? This topic is truly near and dear to my heart. I believe this book can have a significant impact on your faith life. Share your thoughts and ask your questions. We will contemplate the material origins of the Bible, theories of inspiration, and how Scripture has been interpreted throughout Christian tradition.

When: Tuesday evenings, September 5th through Nov 14th (no meeting on October 31st)

Time: 8:30-9:30pm EASTERN TIME (5:30-6:30 Pacific / 7:30-8:30pm Central)

REQUIRED: Participants are required to read the weekly assigned chapters of The Word of a Humble God: The Origins, Inspiration, and Interpretation of Scripture. At the end of each chapter are helpful learning activities, which participants will complete to foster optimal discussion and engagement. The book can be purchased here or at any major book outlet.

Register by September 4th by filling out the form below. Karen looks forward to connecting with you!

“Karen Keen’s The Word of a Humble God: The Origins, Inspiration, and Interpretation of Scripture is perhaps the best comprehensive and accessible introduction to the Bible available today” – Dr. Michael Graves, Wheaton College

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The Bible Tells Me So by Peter Enns

Book & Film Reviews, Ethics, Reading Scripture / By
Book link to Peter Enns's book The Bible Tells Me So

How do we make sense of difficult passages in the Bible? What about the violence or apparent contradictions? Peter Enns addresses these concerns in his book The Bible Tells Me So: Why Defending Scripture Has Made Us Unable to Read It. Enns is concerned that instead of honest engagement with Scripture some Christian thinkers make unreasonable attempts to cover up or explain away the challenges. He specifically sees this occurring among those who treat the Bible like a rule book of fixed, timeless truths. Instead of a rule book, Enns suggests we read Scripture in the genre of storytelling, with inspired examples of how God-fearers of the past have wrestled with their faith.

To be clear, Enns affirms the value of Scripture—we know God better by reading it—but he believes we have erroneous expectations of it. He wants to help his readers understand the nature of Scripture and, therefore, how to correctly read and apply it. Instead of diminishing reverence for the Bible, Enns seeks to affirm it by accepting it for what it really is: an inspired but messy text.

Before I provide my own reflection on the book, here are the stats. The book is divided into seven chapters that each have multiple, short readable essays. He centers his thesis on three primary realizations that challenged him to re-think the nature of Scripture. The Bible depicts:

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The Bible Tells Me So by Peter Enns Read More »

Three Reviews: Ethics and Old Testament Violence

1 Comment / Book & Film Reviews, Ethics, Reading Scripture / By

Numerous books have been published in recent years addressing challenging passages in the Old Testament. Many of them have focused on the Israelite conquest of Canaan, while others discuss a palette of “problems.” In this post I review three books that engage these challenges. I especially consider how they handle violence in the Old Testament.

Book 1: Paul Copan and Matthew Flannagan, Did God Really Command Genocide? Coming to Terms with the Justice of God (BakerBooks, 2014)

Book cover and link to Did God Really Command Genocide

Did God really command the Israelites to slaughter the Canaanites? That is the moral dilemma that Copan and Flannagan take up. These scholars offer an apologetic response to philosophers and New Atheists who dismiss the Old Testament as barbaric. But, does their apologetic meet the task? Yes and No.

The book has four parts:

  • Genocide Texts and the Problem of Scriptural Authority
  • Occasional Commands, Hyperbolic Texts, and Genocidal Massacres
  • Is It Always Wrong to Kill Innocent People?
  • Religion and Violence

The book is largely a summary of the apologetic arguments espoused by William Lane Craig and Nicholas Wolterstorff with atheist philosopher, Wes Morriston, serving as one of their primary opponents. In this regard, the book serves as “Cliff Notes” to broader conversations happening on the topic. The authors begin by asserting that the words of Scripture are not the result of mechanical dictation. In other words, they acknowledge the human side of Scripture; God does not always affirm what the human author affirms, such as psalms of vengeance (28). That is, we must consider whether or not what the human author wrote is what God wants to say to us today through Scripture. God might want to appropriate the words of Scripture for an intention different than the original authors. The original meaning might have been important only for the Israelites’ time and place, and now we have to draw a general principle from the text. At the same time, Copan and Flannagan reject the dichotomy between the Old and New Testament God (war God vs. loving God), as well as Seibert’s distinction between the “textual” God (how the Israelites imagined God to be) and the “real” God (who is not always like the Israelites portrayed God to be; 39-44).

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Three Reviews: Ethics and Old Testament Violence Read More »

Divine Scripture in Human Understanding by Joe Gordon

Book & Film Reviews, Reading Scripture / By

One of my research interests, and one I am currently writing on for publication for Eerdmans, is the origins, nature, and useful interpretation of Scripture. Well, I guess that is more like three research interests! But I like to contemplate them together, as they intertwine. Origins helps us to know what the Bible is and what it is helps us to know how to meaningfully use it. So, whenever possible I pick up books on the subject. When I found out a colleague, Dr. Joseph Gordon, associate professor of theology at Johnson University, was coming out with his book Divine Scripture in Human Understanding: A Systematic Theology of the Christian Bible, I knew I had to check it out. I have long appreciated and respected Joe’s theological insights since we were classmates at Marquette University.

Gordon is driven by questions related to the nature and purpose of the Bible. What is it? What role ought it to play in the Christian life? How do we best interpret it? He contemplates these in full awareness of thorny questions around the human fingerprints in Scripture–its difficult passages (e.g. depictions of slavery or violence) and the process of its textual production that has led to a variety of manuscript traditions and not a singular “original” text. What does it mean that the Bible is inspired if human involvement is so evident?

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Divine Scripture in Human Understanding by Joe Gordon Read More »

The Jesus Way: Practicing the Ignatian Spiritual Exercises by Karen Keen

Book & Film Reviews, Reconstructing Faith / By

I first became captivated by the Ignatian Spiritual Exercises while going through my spiritual direction training program about ten years ago. I was drawn to this 500 year old contemplation on the life of Jesus that invites us to discern God’s path for our lives. When doctoral studies took me to Marquette University, a Jesuit institution, it gave me the unique opportunity to receive further training in the practice.

At the time, I was serving as an affiliate spiritual director at the campus Faber Center for Ignatian Spirituality amid my studies. My supervisor there, Michael Dante, graciously offered me a 10-months private apprenticeship, and I was able to receive additional training from Howard Gray, SJ, a Jesuit teacher renowned for his insights into the Spiritual Exercises.

Book link to The Jesus Way: Practicing the Ignatian Spiritual Exercises

I longed to introduce others to this rich Christian spiritual heritage. So, in 2015, I began leading people through the Exercises, using a 36 weeks adaptation that I created called The Jesus Way: Practicing the Ignatian Spiritual Exercises. Originally, I gave retreatants a binder with the material, but I always intended to publish it in book form once I refined it. I am excited to say that day has finally arrived! As I prepared to lead another small group through the Exercises this fall, I was determined to have this resource available to them.

The retreat follows Ignatius’s intent closely, while still being accessible. The Spiritual Exercises deepen your prayer life, give you new ways of reading Scripture, teach you how to do spiritual discernment, and cultivate an inner freedom. This is an opportunity to be shaped by the story of “God with us.” The world offers many narratives, but not all lead to life. What fills your imagination is what you become. In the Spiritual Exercises you allow Jesus to saturate your reality and invite you into a life of purpose.

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True Stories of Pastors and Ministry Leaders

Pastors and Christian Leaders, Reconstructing Faith / By

As someone who has provided spiritual care for pastors and ministry leaders, I have witnessed firsthand the vulnerabilities and challenges these leaders face. Their courage and compassion as they give of themselves for the sake of others is such a gift to our communities. Yet, sometimes we forget they are people too with struggles of their own. They can end up isolated at the top. That is why I am grateful for this new video series featuring the real life stories of ministers as they share their hearts openly with us.

If you or someone you know is a pastor or ministry leader in need of support, help is available. See this referral list to find a spiritual director.

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What Is Your Picture of God?

Reconstructing Faith / By

Who is God? What do you imagine this Divine Being is like? Your picture of God is likely shaped by a variety of factors, including what you were taught in your faith community, the way clergy modeled themselves, your relationship with parents, or significant life events. These can intersect with each other. For example, you might have learned to view God as a father based on Scriptures that use this metaphor. This in turn is associated with your relationship with Dad. If Dad was patient and kind this can lead to a positive image of God. But if Dad was distant or abusive, a picture of a harsh God might develop. Many of us also have impressions of God based on life circumstances. When tragedy strikes, we can become disillusioned. Does God not care? Why didn’t God intervene?

We cannot see God physically and so we naturally draw conclusions based on what we do know: our relationships and life experiences. The biblical authors did similarly. They described God using images from real life. God is a king ruling the land (Psa 47:7-8), a humble shepherd in the field with sheep (Psa 23), an impenetrable rock (Deut 32:4), a pregnant woman writhing in labor (Isa 42:14; see also Deut 32:18), a warrior in battle (Ex 15:3), a mother hen protecting her young (Matt 23:37). God is even described as clothes you can put on (Gal 3:27).[1]  As Paul the Apostle said, we see through a glass darkly (1 Cor 13:12). Our ability to describe God in human words is limited. But this does not mean we are left only with an image of God we have invented. Just as the Israelites and early Christians encountered God, so also we can experience God.

How do we experience God? It may be in the beauty of the Creator’s sunrises and sunsets. Or in the kindness of a friend. Scripture says that the character of God is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control (Gal 5:22-23). We can recognize God’s presence or absence by these traits. In fact, even though we cannot see God, we experience God in the love we give to one another (1 John 4:12). This is why many people have discovered God even in difficult times. While circumstances might not always change, it is possible to feel a supernatural peace in the middle of a storm. These spiritual experiences, along with the witness of the biblical authors help us to develop an accurate picture of God.

Our perception of God is significant because it affects how we understand ourselves and the way we treat other people. Who we imagine God to be is who we become. If God is hard to please, then we will naturally use others as the measuring rod for our own performance. Judging others will make us feel superior, less sinful, and therefore worthy of God’s love. On the other hand, if we know the truth of God’s incredible mercy toward our imperfections, we are more likely to offer the same. As Jesus said, the one who is forgiven much, loves much (Luke 7:47). Coming to experience God by noticing the fruit of the Spirit displayed in people around us and seeing God in the Person of Jesus (John 1:18), will transform our picture of God, and therefore, us as image-bearers.

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This post is excerpted from Karen R. Keen, The Jesus Way: Practicing the Ignatian Spiritual Exercises.

[1] See Lauren F. Winner’s lovely discussion on this along with other metaphors for God in her book Wearing God: Clothing, Laughter, Fire, and Other Overlooked Ways of Meeting God (New York: HarperCollins, 2015).

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Can a Loving God Send People to Hell?

Reconstructing Faith / By

“You Asked” is a blog series that answers questions people have submitted to Karen via e-mail or asked in person that relates to the faith life or Scripture.

Question: “I wonder if you could provide some of your thoughts on how one should interpret eternal punishment in the Bible? . . . Like many others, I cannot imagine how a loving God would like to see those who have failed to repent to end up burning in the lake of fire eternally. . . The reason I have been thinking about this question especially recently is partly due to the fact that my grandfather is going to die very soon due to lung cancer.”

Thoughts to Ponder: This is a difficult question, and one I have pondered myself. While it would take more space than I have here to thoroughly answer this question (and I don’t claim to have all the answers!), I do want to offer some food for thought. Here are a few things to keep in mind:

1. The Old Testament does not have a concept of hell. Instead all people are thought to go to Sheol, a gray, neutral place of sleep. In fact, the Old Testament says little about the Afterlife. Moving into the Greco-Roman period, we see a change in Jewish writing exhibiting a strong duality of heaven and hell. This movement seems to be based in part on concerns about justice for those suffering.

In ancient Near Eastern belief, including Israelite, God rewards good people with good things in this life and punishes bad people with a miserable life (e.g. Deut 28). But we see a couple Old Testament writers question this perspective, including in Ecclesiastes and Job. For example, Qohelet (the writer of Ecclesiastes), wrestles with the fact that rewards and punishments are clearly not fairly meted out in the present life (e.g. 8:14). Bad things do happen to good people, while evil people prosper. The circa 1st century BCE Jewish text Wisdom of Solomon (included in the Catholic Bible), provides an explanation for the conundrum: fair reward and punishment will surely be given in the Afterlife instead.

So originally, the concept of hell did not develop out of a belief that God is easily angered and ready to smite humanity. Rather, it stemmed from the existential crisis of Jews living under foreign rule who wanted assurance that somehow, someday the wrongs inflicted by cruel people would be made right. If justice for the suffering was not evident in the here and now, surely God would bring justice in the Afterlife.

2. The second thing to keep in mind when reading hell texts in the Bible is literary genre, including the ancient Jewish form called Apocalyptic Literature. Just as we would not read poetry the same way as we read a newspaper article, so also we have to attend to literary features in the Bible to read it correctly. Notably, the book of Revelation, which contains key hell texts, is an example of the apocalyptic genre. As a genre it contains highly symbolic language. So we have to ask ourselves whether a particular text might be conveying an important figurative meaning.

3. Thirdly, some prominent Christian theologians dating back to the early church have believed through Christ universal salvation is possible. Origen (c. 185-254 CE) was one of the most prolific and respected Christian thinkers of his time and believed in universal salvation. For an excellent article on Origen, see “Saint Origen,” by David Bentley Hart. For more recent commentary from an evangelical, see this brief video (How Do You Reconcile Universalism with Hell Texts) by Dr. Robin Parry. And also check out this intriguing post on what the Bible says and doesn’t say about hell.

Evangelist Billy Graham was once asked about the salvation of Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, and secular people. He replied: “Those are decisions only the Lord will make. I believe the love of God is absolute. He said he gave his son for the whole world, and I think he loves everybody regardless of what label they have” (Newsweek interview, 2006).

Regardless of where one falls on this question, we know that God loves us while we are sinners (Rom 5:8), and we are not saved because we do right things, but because of mercy (Titus 3:3-7). This marvelous grace woos us such that we follow Christ out of love and not fear. Perfect love casts out fear.

PS: What about Heaven? Have you ever wondered what that is like? Read this great article by New Testament scholar N.T. Wright on what the Bible teaches.

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